This is not Canada’s first rodeo with an America-first, U.S. presidential administration. The President-elect’s recent announcement of 25% tariffs on “all” Canadian (and Mexican) imports echoes of 2018, where in his first term, President Trump applied 25% tariffs on Canadian-origin steel and aluminum products (2018 Tariffs). In response, Canada applied countermeasures targeting U.S. origin steel and aluminum and a range of U.S. origin goods. In this article we examine lessons from the tit-for-tat tariffs applied…